Black Poplar
Populus nigra · Deciduous, Broadleaf, Hardwood
Plant Family
Salicaceae
Tree Category
Shade Tree, Forest Tree, Pioneer Species
Variety / Cultivar
Species type (Populus nigra typica). It displays the characteristic burl-covered trunk unlike the 'Italica' (Lombardy) cultivar.
Hardiness Zones
USDA Zones 3-9. Highly adaptable to cold winters and warm summers; tolerant of atmospheric pollution.
About This Tree
A large, fast-growing deciduous tree reaching massive proportions. It has a broad, irregular crown with heavy, spreading lower branches. The specimen in the image shows a characteristic thick, gnarled trunk with prominent burls and a somewhat columnar-leaning habit often seen in aged urban survivors.
Leaf Characteristics
Simple, alternate, diamond-to-triangular shaped (deltoid). Approximately 5-8cm long, dark green above and paler below. Margins are finely serrated with a long, pointed tip. Petioles are flattened, causing leaves to flutter in the wind.
Bark Characteristics
Dark grey to blackish in color. Deeply furrowed and fissured with age. Frequently develops large, rugged burls (round protrusions) on the main trunk which are a key identification feature for this species.
Growing Information
Origin Region
Native to Europe, North Africa, and Central and West Asia. Well-adapted to river valleys and temperate urban environments.
Growing Season
Leafs out in mid-spring; flowers (catkins) appear before leaves in late winter/early spring; seeds disperse in early summer; enters dormancy in late autumn; fall color is usually yellow.
Sunlight & Water Needs
Full Sun. High water requirements; prefers moist, well-drained soils and is often found near water bodies. Has moderate drought tolerance once established but prefers consistent moisture.
Mature Size
Height: 20-30m (65-100ft); Spread: 15-20m; Growth rate: Fast (up to 1m per year when young); Lifespan: 100-150 years (short-lived compared to oaks).
Special Characteristics
Extremely wind-resistant trunk; notable for its 'black' deeply textured bark; traditionally used for specialized timber (clogs, carts) due to its resistance to splintering; high tolerance for urban pollution.
Wildlife & Ecology
Host plant for numerous moth larvae (e.g., Poplar Hawk-moth); catkins provide early season pollen for bees; the soft wood of older specimens provides essential nesting cavities for woodpeckers and owls.