Willow Oak
Quercus phellos · Deciduous, Broadleaf, Hardwood
Plant Family
Fagaceae
Tree Category
Shade Tree, Street Tree
Variety / Cultivar
Species type (Native)
Hardiness Zones
5 to 9 (USDA)
About This Tree
A medium-to-large-sized tree with a dense, symmetrical, rounded crown and a straight trunk. Known for its 'willow-like' foliage which is atypical for an oak. Growth rate is moderate to fast for an oak.
Leaf Characteristics
Simple, alternate arrangement. Leaves are linear to lanceolate (willow-shaped), 2 to 5 inches long, with smooth (entire) margins. Ends in a tiny bristle tip. Dark green and glossy on top, lighter green below.
Bark Characteristics
Gray to dark gray. Smooth and tight when young; develops shallow fissures and irregular, rough, scaly ridges with age.
Growing Information
Origin Region
Southeastern United States; native from New York south to Florida and west to Texas.
Growing Season
Leafs out in late spring (April); produces inconspicuous catkins in spring. Enters dormancy in late autumn/winter after a yellow or russet-red color change.
Sunlight & Water Needs
Full sun preferred; moderate water needs. Highly adaptable to urban conditions and can tolerate wet soils as well as moderate drought once established.
Mature Size
Height: 40–60 feet (sometimes up to 100 feet in wild); Spread: 30–40 feet. Lifespan: 100–150 years.
Special Characteristics
High pollution and salt tolerance; excellent urban street tree due to its small leaves which minimize litter issues and transplant easily.
Wildlife & Ecology
Produces small, bitterness-free acorns (1/2 inch) that are a primary food source for squirrels, wild turkeys, and ducks. Serves as a host plant for various hairstreak butterfly larvae.