American Beech
Fagus grandifolia · Deciduous, Broadleaf, Hardwood
Plant Family
Fagaceae
Tree Category
Shade Tree, Forest Tree
Variety / Cultivar
None (Wild type)
Hardiness Zones
USDA Zones 4-9
About This Tree
A slow-growing, long-lived deciduous tree with a dense, spreading crown. In forests, it grows tall and straight; in open areas, it develops a wide, rounded canopy with low branching. Known for its distinctively smooth, gray bark.
Leaf Characteristics
Simple, alternate, ovate to oblong leaves, 2 to 5 inches long. Features small teeth at the ends of straight, parallel veins. Leaf color is dark green in summer, turning bronze-gold or yellow in autumn; dead leaves often cling to branches in winter (marcescence).
Bark Characteristics
Remarkably smooth, thin, and light gray throughout its life. Does not become furrowed with age, though it is prone to 'beech bark disease' which can cause localized cankers or texture changes.
Growing Information
Origin Region
Eastern North America (Nova Scotia to northern Florida, west to eastern Texas)
Growing Season
Leafs out in late spring (pale green), flowers in April-May (inconspicuous), fruits in autumn, enters dormancy in late fall.
Sunlight & Water Needs
Prefers full sun to partial shade; highly shade-tolerant when young. Requires moist, well-drained, acidic soil. Low drought tolerance; needs consistent moisture.
Mature Size
50 to 80 feet tall with a similar spread. Very slow growth rate. Can live for 300 to 400 years.
Special Characteristics
Highly valuable for timber (flooring, furniture); exceptional yellow/bronze fall color; smooth bark is often a target for graffiti carving (though this harms the tree). Susceptible to Beech Leaf Disease.
Wildlife & Ecology
Produces beechnuts (mast), a vital food source for squirrels, chipmunks, black bears, wild turkeys, and blue jays. Provides excellent nesting sites for cavity-nesting birds.