River Birch
Betula nigra · Deciduous, Broadleaf, Native Hardwood
Plant Family
Betulaceae
Tree Category
Ornamental, Shade Tree, Street Tree
Variety / Cultivar
Heritage (likely) or generic Betula nigra
Hardiness Zones
USDA Hardiness Zones 4 through 9. Highly adaptable to heat compared to other birch species.
About This Tree
A popular fast-growing ornamental tree often found in multi-stemmed forms. It features a pyramidal habit when young, maturing to a more rounded, irregular crown. Its most distinctive feature is its highly decorative, peeling bark.
Leaf Characteristics
Leaves are alternate, simple, diamond-shaped (ovate) with doubly serrated margins and wedge-shaped bases. They are glossy dark green on top and silvery-green underneath, turning a vibrant yellow in autumn.
Bark Characteristics
Young bark ranges from salmon-pink to reddish-brown and exfoliates in thin, papery layers or 'curls' to reveal lighter inner bark. Older bark becomes thick, deeply furrowed, and dark grey-brown to black.
Growing Information
Origin Region
Native to the Eastern United States, from New Hampshire south to Florida and west to Texas.
Growing Season
Leafs out in early spring; flowers in spring with male and female catkins; produces small nutlets in late spring; enters dormancy in late autumn after yellow leaf fall.
Sunlight & Water Needs
Full sun to partial shade. High water needs; prefers moist, acidic soils and is highly tolerant of wet feet and seasonal flooding. Moderate drought tolerance once established.
Mature Size
Reaches heights of 40-70 feet with a spread of 40-60 feet. Growth rate is fast, typically 1.5 to 2 feet per year. Lifespan is medium, roughly 50-75 years.
Special Characteristics
Resistance to Bronze Birch Borer; excellent fall color; distinctive exfoliating bark provides winter interest; widely used for erosion control on riverbanks.
Wildlife & Ecology
Host plant for various moth larvae; seeds (nutlets) and catkins provide food for songbirds like goldfinches and chickadees; dense foliage provides nesting sites for many birds.