American Elm
Ulmus americana · Deciduous Broadleaf Hardwood
Plant Family
Ulmaceae
Tree Category
Shade Tree / Forest Tree
Variety / Cultivar
Wild Type (No specific cultivar identifiable)
Hardiness Zones
USDA Zones 3 through 9
About This Tree
A stately large tree known for its distinctive vase-shaped or fountain-like silhouette with spreading branches and a high, arching canopy. It has a fast to moderate growth rate and a graceful, symmetrical form at maturity.
Leaf Characteristics
Simple, alternate leaves with an asymmetrical (uneven) base. They are oval to oblong-ovate, 3-6 inches long, with double-serrated margins. The texture is often slightly rough on top and pale with soft hairs underneath; deep green in summer turning yellow in fall.
Bark Characteristics
Dark gray and deeply furrowed into broad, scaly ridges with age. A cross-section of the bark often shows alternating reddish-brown and whitish layers (like a sandwich).
Growing Information
Origin Region
Native to Eastern North America, from Nova Scotia to Florida and west to the Rockies.
Growing Season
Buds swell and green flowers appear in early spring before leaves; seeds (samaras) ripen in late spring; lush growth in summer; enters dormancy in late autumn.
Sunlight & Water Needs
Prefers full sun to partial shade; requires moderate moisture and is moderately tolerant of occasional flooding; adapts well to varied soil types.
Mature Size
Height of 60-80 feet with a canopy spread of 40-70 feet; can reach over 100 feet in ideal forest conditions.
Special Characteristics
Highly valued for its urban adaptability and timber; however, it is highly susceptible to Dutch Elm Disease (DED). Older wild trees are prized for their historical and ornamental value.
Wildlife & Ecology
Provides nesting sites for songbirds like Baltimore Orioles. The seeds are eaten by squirrels, mice, and various granivorous birds; also serves as a larval host for Several butterflies including the Question Mark and Eastern Comma.