Red Elderberry
Sambucus racemosa · Deciduous, Broadleaf, Multi-stemmed Large Shrub/Small Tree
Plant Family
Adoxaceae (formerly Caprifoliaceae)
Tree Category
Ornamental, Native, Wildlife Shrub
Variety / Cultivar
Species (Wild type)
Hardiness Zones
USDA Zones 3 through 8
About This Tree
A deciduous large shrub or small tree with a rounded, arching habit. It features dense, opposite branching and produces upright cone-shaped clusters of tiny white flowers followed by bright red, pea-sized berries. Its growth is fast and somewhat leggy with thick, pithy stems.
Leaf Characteristics
Opposite, pinnately compound leaves usually consisting of 5-7 leaflets. Leaflets are lance-shaped to ovate, 2-6 inches long, with sharply serrated margins and a pointed tip. Foliage is medium green, often turning yellow or purple-tinted in fall.
Bark Characteristics
Young stems are green or reddish and smooth. Mature bark is light brown to gray, often warty with prominent lenticels, becoming slightly furrowed or corky with age. Stems contain a distinctive brownish-tan pith.
Growing Information
Origin Region
Circumboreal; native to North America, Europe, and Asia, particularly in temperate regions
Growing Season
Buds swell in early spring; flowers appear in April-May; fruit ripens in June-July; goes dormant in late autumn
Sunlight & Water Needs
Full sun to partial shade; prefers moist, well-drained soils; moderately high water needs but can tolerate occasional flooding or dry spells once established.
Mature Size
Typically 8-20 feet in height with a similar spread. Growth rate is fast. Lifespan is relatively short to moderate (approx. 30-50 years).
Special Characteristics
Highly attractive ornamental fruit; berries are toxic to humans if consumed raw but can be processed into jellies or wines. Features excellent cold hardiness and is a pioneer species in disturbed areas.
Wildlife & Ecology
Excellent ecological value; flowers attract pollinators like bees and butterflies. The red berries are a vital food source for numerous birds and mammals. Provides dense nesting cover for songbirds.