European Ash
Fraxinus excelsior · Deciduous broadleaf hardwood
Plant Family
Oleaceae
Tree Category
Shade Tree and Forest Tree
Variety / Cultivar
Species type, no specific cultivar identified
Hardiness Zones
USDA Hardiness Zones 4 through 8, demonstrating strong cold hardiness and adaptability to temperate climates.
About This Tree
A medium to large deciduous tree with an upright, domed, and spreading crown. Features ascending branches when young, becoming more rounded with age. Known for rapid early growth and valuable timber.
Leaf Characteristics
Opposite, pinnately compound leaves ranging from 20 to 35 cm long, featuring 7 to 13 sessile leaflets that are lanceolate to ovate, sharply serrated margins, and dark green color.
Bark Characteristics
Smooth and pale grey on young trees, developing subtle vertical fissuring and ridges with a diamond-patterned texture as the tree matures.
Growing Information
Origin Region
Native to Europe and southwestern Asia, ranging from Spain to Russia and down to northern Iran.
Growing Season
Leafs out relatively late in spring, typically holding leaves until autumn when they turn yellow or drop green; winter dormant.
Sunlight & Water Needs
Prefers full sun to partial shade. Requires moderate moisture and well-draining, fertile soils, though it can tolerate temporary waterlogging.
Mature Size
Reaches a mature height of 20 to 35 meters with a spread of 15 to 20 meters, featuring a fast growth rate and a lifespan often exceeding 200 years.
Special Characteristics
Renowned for strong, elastic wood traditionally used for tool handles and sports equipment. Susceptible to ash dieback disease (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus).
Wildlife & Ecology
Supports a wide range of native insects, caterpillars, and moth species. Seeds are consumed by various birds and small mammals, while the open canopy allows rich undergrowth.